PASSAGE
The world is increasingly transitioning toward renewable energy to combat climate change and reduce dependency on fossil fuels. Countries are setting ambitious targets to generate a significant share of their electricity from renewable sources, including solar, wind, and hydropower. This shift has been driven by the urgent need to cut carbon emissions and foster sustainable development. Renewable energy sources offer several advantages, such as reduced pollution, energy security, and job creation in the green economy. However, the transition is not without challenges.
One of the primary hurdles is the intermittent nature of renewable energy. Solar and wind power depend heavily on weather conditions, making energy production inconsistent. To overcome this, investment in energy storage technologies like batteries is crucial. Another challenge lies in the initial capital required to set up renewable infrastructure, which can be prohibitively expensive, especially for developing nations. Governments play a critical role in subsidizing such projects to encourage adoption. However, critics argue that subsidies for renewables distort the market and result in inefficiencies.
Moreover, transitioning to renewables affects the labor market, as jobs in coal and oil sectors decline. Though green energy creates new employment opportunities, workers in traditional industries often lack the skills needed for these new roles. Thus, there is a pressing need for governments and industries to invest in reskilling programs to ensure a just transition. Without effective policies, this shift could exacerbate socio-economic inequalities.
In conclusion, while renewable energy presents a promising path to sustainability, its challenges require coordinated efforts from governments, industries, and the public. The future depends not only on adopting cleaner technologies but also on overcoming the economic, technological, and social hurdles that accompany them.
1.Which of the following statements, if true, would weaken the argument that renewable energy ensures energy security?
a) Solar power plants can generate electricity even during cloudy days.
b) Battery storage costs are expected to drop by 50% in the next decade.
c) Fossil fuel power plants can provide continuous electricity, unlike solar and wind.
d) Countries with abundant renewable resources export surplus energy to neighboring nations.
2. What assumption underlies the argument that governments should subsidize renewable energy?
a) Renewable energy technologies are inherently less efficient than fossil fuels.
b) Private investors are reluctant to invest without government support.
c) Fossil fuel industries will eventually transition to renewables without assistance.
d) Subsidies increase electricity consumption among households.
3. Which of the following can be inferred about the labor market from the passage?
a) Green energy jobs completely replace traditional energy sector jobs.
b) Coal sector employees are being reskilled without governmental assistance.
c) A lack of reskilling programs may worsen economic inequalities.
d) Renewable energy creates fewer jobs than fossil fuel industries.
4. Identify the conclusion of the passage.
a) Governments should focus solely on renewable energy development.
b) A transition to renewable energy can only succeed with coordinated efforts.
c) Fossil fuels will remain the primary energy source in the future.
d) Renewable energy has already overcome its major challenges.
5. Which of the following best strengthens the argument for investing in energy storage technologies?
a) The upfront cost of renewable energy projects is decreasing over time.
b) Solar and wind energy have reached cost parity with fossil fuels.
c) Energy storage systems ensure stable power supply during periods of low production.
d) Hydropower plants generate electricity consistently without external factors.
Artificial intelligence (AI) is revolutionizing industries by automating tasks once performed by humans. From self-driving cars to chatbots handling customer service, AI applications are expanding rapidly. Proponents argue that AI increases efficiency, reduces human error, and allows workers to focus on more complex and creative tasks. However, critics warn that it could lead to widespread job losses, especially in sectors such as manufacturing, transportation, and retail.
While AI creates new opportunities, such as jobs in AI research and data analysis, these roles require specialized skills. Many workers who lose their jobs may not have the necessary expertise to transition into these new fields. This raises concerns about unemployment and income inequality. Governments and businesses must collaborate to provide training programs that help workers reskill and find new opportunities.
Another concern is the ethical use of AI. Critics argue that bias in algorithms can perpetuate discrimination, particularly in hiring and policing. Moreover, reliance on AI systems could reduce accountability, as decisions made by machines may not always align with ethical standards. Thus, policymakers must implement regulations to ensure transparency and accountability in AI usage.
In summary, while AI offers immense benefits, it also presents social and economic challenges. A successful transition to an AI-driven economy will require proactive efforts to manage its impact on employment and society.
6. Which of the following statements weakens the argument that AI reduces human error?
a) AI systems are only as reliable as the data they are trained on.
b) AI has been successfully integrated into medical diagnostics.
c) Human workers are more prone to emotional fatigue than machines.
d) AI systems can perform repetitive tasks efficiently without error.
7. What assumption underlies the argument that businesses should invest in reskilling programs?
a) Most workers will eventually find new jobs without assistance.
b) Specialized skills needed for AI-related jobs are difficult to acquire.
c) AI will not affect the labor market for several more years.
d) Employees are inherently resistant to learning new technologies.
8. Which of the following can be inferred from the passage about income inequality?
a) AI will reduce income inequality by creating well-paying jobs.
b) Unemployment caused by AI could worsen income inequality.
c) Governments will replace businesses in creating new jobs.
d) AI-related jobs require little or no formal education.
9. Identify the conclusion of the passage.
a) AI will entirely replace human workers in all industries.
b) A transition to an AI-driven economy requires proactive efforts.
c) AI should be banned to avoid ethical complications.
d) Governments alone can solve the employment issues caused by AI.
10. Which of the following best strengthens the argument for AI regulation?
a) AI algorithms can be easily improved to eliminate bias.
b) Some AI-based hiring systems have demonstrated biased outcomes.
c) AI systems are fully accountable for their decisions.
d) Businesses prefer using AI to avoid legal scrutiny.
Access to clean water is a fundamental human right, yet millions of people around the world lack it. Water scarcity is caused by multiple factors, including population growth, climate change, and mismanagement of resources. In many regions, freshwater sources are being over-exploited, leading to long-term depletion. Governments are under increasing pressure to address this crisis, especially in water-stressed areas.
One of the most effective solutions is the promotion of water conservation techniques. Governments and NGOs are working to raise awareness about the importance of reducing water consumption and recycling wastewater. Additionally, technologies like desalination offer promising ways to convert seawater into drinkable water. However, the high cost and environmental impact of desalination limit its large-scale implementation.
Another challenge is water pollution from industrial waste and agricultural runoff. Contaminated water sources not only threaten public health but also disrupt ecosystems. Strict environmental regulations are needed to prevent pollution, but enforcement remains weak in many countries.
In conclusion, solving the global water crisis will require a combination of technological solutions, policy reforms, and community engagement. The stakes are high, as failure to act could lead to conflict over water resources in the future.
11. Which of the following statements, if true, weakens the argument for desalination as a solution to the water crisis?
a) Desalination produces large amounts of brine, which harms marine life.
b) Many countries have successfully implemented desalination plants.
c) Desalination plants can operate at low energy costs.
d) Desalination makes up a significant portion of global water supply.
12. What assumption underlies the argument that water conservation is essential?
a) Technologies like desalination will solve the crisis in the near future.
b) Most people are already aware of the need to conserve water.
c) Water resources will become more abundant over time.
d) Current water consumption patterns are unsustainable.
13. Which of the following can be inferred about water pollution from the passage?
a) Industrial waste is the sole cause of water pollution.
b) Agricultural practices do not affect water quality.
c) Weak enforcement of regulations contributes to water pollution.
d) Water pollution only affects marine ecosystems.
14. Identify the conclusion of the passage.
a) Governments alone can resolve the water crisis.
b) The global water crisis will worsen regardless of human efforts.
c) Multiple strategies are required to address the water crisis.
d) Desalination is the only viable solution to water scarcity.
15. Which of the following strengthens the argument for stricter environmental regulations?
a) Many industries voluntarily reduce their waste.
b) Weak regulations lead to increased pollution.
c) Water pollution does not affect public health significantly.
d) Agricultural runoff can be treated without strict laws.
Social media platforms have transformed the way people engage with politics. They provide a space for individuals to express their opinions, share information, and organize movements. However, critics argue that these platforms contribute to political polarization by amplifying extreme views and creating echo chambers. Algorithms designed to maximize user engagement often prioritize sensational content, further deepening divisions.
On the other hand, social media can foster political participation by making information more accessible and enabling marginalized voices to be heard. For example, online movements have successfully brought attention to issues that mainstream media overlooked. Still, the challenge lies in balancing the benefits of open discourse with the risks of misinformation and polarization.
Some researchers suggest that stricter content moderation can reduce the spread of false information and extreme views. However, others argue that excessive moderation could suppress free speech and legitimate dissent. In response, platforms are experimenting with transparency measures and user-driven content moderation.
In conclusion, while social media plays a vital role in modern politics, its impact on polarization and public discourse requires careful management.
16. Which of the following weakens the argument that social media creates political polarization?
a) Social media allows users to block or mute opposing viewpoints.
b) Algorithms prioritize content that aligns with user preferences.
c) Some online communities promote open discussions among different ideologies.
d) Political engagement has increased due to social media platforms.
17. What assumption underlies the argument for stricter content moderation?
a) Users can always identify false information on their own.
b) Misinformation spreads only through traditional media.
c) Extreme views have no place in public discourse.
d) Unchecked content can harm public trust in institutions.
18. Which of the following can be inferred about content moderation from the passage?
a) All platforms enforce strict content moderation policies.
b) Content moderation risks curbing legitimate dissent.
c) Transparency measures have eliminated misinformation.
d) Users prefer platforms without any moderation.
19. Identify the conclusion of the passage.
a) Social media will always lead to political polarization.
b) Platforms should ban all political content.
c) Social media’s role in politics requires careful management.
d) Misinformation has no significant impact on politics.
20. Which of the following strengthens the argument for transparency measures?
a) Transparency allows users to understand how content is promoted.
b) Content moderation eliminates all misinformation.
c) Users do not care about how platforms operate.
d) Social media platforms are not responsible for public discourse.
Genetic engineering, the direct manipulation of an organism’s DNA, offers unprecedented possibilities in medicine, agriculture, and environmental conservation. Scientists are developing treatments for genetic disorders using techniques like CRISPR, which can edit faulty genes. Crops genetically modified to resist pests and harsh weather conditions have the potential to enhance global food security. Additionally, genetic engineering might one day enable the resurrection of extinct species to restore ecosystems disrupted by human activities.
Despite its potential, genetic engineering raises significant ethical concerns. Critics argue that modifying human genes opens the door to “designer babies,” where traits such as intelligence or appearance are selected, deepening societal inequalities. Similarly, genetically modified organisms (GMOs) in agriculture face opposition due to concerns about environmental risks and corporate monopolization of food production. There is also the fear that introducing genetically altered species into ecosystems could have unpredictable consequences.
Regulating genetic engineering is complex, as it involves balancing innovation with caution. Governments must set ethical boundaries to prevent misuse while promoting beneficial research. Some suggest that global cooperation is essential to establish consistent standards, as the impact of genetic engineering crosses national borders.
In conclusion, while genetic engineering offers exciting possibilities, it must be managed responsibly to prevent ethical, social, and environmental harm. Society must engage in a thoughtful debate about the limits and possibilities of this powerful technology.
21. Which of the following statements weakens the argument that genetic engineering can improve global food security?
a) Genetically modified crops may not thrive in all environments.
b) Genetically modified crops are more resistant to pests.
c) Some countries have already adopted GMOs with positive results.
d) The majority of the population supports genetically modified food.
22. What assumption underlies the argument that global cooperation is necessary for regulating genetic engineering?
a) Genetic engineering will have limited impact on society.
b) Scientific research in one country affects the entire world.
c) Developing countries will not engage in genetic engineering research.
d) National governments can independently regulate genetic engineering.
23. Which of the following can be inferred from the passage about “designer babies”?
a) Genetic engineering will eliminate social inequalities.
b) Only physical traits, not intelligence, can be altered through gene editing.
c) Genetic modification of humans may increase societal inequalities.
d) Governments have banned all human gene editing practices.
24. Identify the conclusion of the passage.
a) Genetic engineering should be banned entirely to prevent misuse.
b) Responsible management of genetic engineering is essential.
c) All scientific research must be globally coordinated.
d) Society will eventually accept genetic engineering without hesitation.
25. Which of the following statements strengthens the argument for regulation of genetically modified organisms (GMOs)?
a) GMOs have been adopted successfully in many countries.
b) Introducing altered species could disrupt ecosystems.
c) Corporate monopolies on GMOs improve agricultural efficiency.
d) GMOs require fewer pesticides, benefiting the environment.
Answers and Explanations
1. Correct Answer: (c)
Explanation: Fossil fuel plants can provide continuous power, which highlights the inconsistency of renewable energy sources, weakening the energy security argument.
Incorrect Options:
a) Incorrect – Solar power working on cloudy days supports, not weakens, the energy security argument.
b) Incorrect – Falling battery costs make storage solutions more viable, strengthening the argument.
d) Incorrect – Exporting energy reinforces energy security.
2. Correct Answer: (b)
Explanation: The assumption is that government subsidies are essential because investors alone may not fund renewable projects due to high initial costs.
Incorrect Options:
a) Incorrect- Efficiency is not the key issue discussed regarding subsidies.
c) Incorrect – Fossil fuel industries are not expected to transition without support.
d) Incorrect – The passage does not connect subsidies with household energy consumption.
3. Correct Answer: (c)
Explanation: The passage warns that insufficient reskilling can worsen economic inequalities.
Incorrect Options
a) Incorrect – Green jobs do not fully replace fossil fuel jobs.
b) Incorrect – Government involvement is necessary for reskilling.
d) Incorrect – There is no direct comparison of job creation between the two sectors.
4. Correct Answer: (b)
Explanation: The conclusion emphasizes the need for coordinated efforts to overcome renewable energy challenges.
Incorrect Options:
a) Incorrect – The focus isn’t solely on renewables but on overcoming barriers.
c) Incorrect – Fossil fuels are not portrayed as the future energy source.
d) Incorrect – Challenges still exist, requiring more effort.
5. Correct Answer: (c)
Explanation: Storage systems are crucial for ensuring stable power, supporting the need for investments in such technologies.
Incorrect Options:
a) Incorrect – Cost declines alone don’t solve the consistency issue.
b) Incorrect – Cost parity strengthens renewable energy adoption but is unrelated to storage.
d) Incorrect – The focus is not on hydropower but on solar and wind.
6. Correct Answer: (a)
Explanation: If AI depends on unreliable data, its outcomes are prone to errors, undermining the argument that it reduces human error.
Incorrect Options:
b) Incorrect – Successful AI applications strengthen the argument.
c) Incorrect – This supports AI’s reliability by contrasting it with human limitations.
d) Incorrect – Efficiency without error supports the claim.
7. Correct Answer: (b)
Explanation: The assumption is that AI-related roles require specialized skills, making reskilling essential.
Incorrect Options:
a) Incorrect – The argument assumes the need for external help, not self-reliance.
c) Incorrect – AI is already impacting the labor market.
d) Incorrect – There is no mention of inherent resistance to learning.
8. Correct Answer: (b)
Explanation:** The passage indicates that unemployment caused by AI could increase income inequality.
Incorrect Options:
a) Incorrect – The passage warns about inequality rather than job creation.
c) Incorrect – Governments are not described as job creators.
d) Incorrect – AI-related jobs require specialized skills.
9. Correct Answer: (b)
Explanation: The passage concludes with a call for proactive efforts to manage AI’s impact.
Incorrect Options:
a) Incorrect – The passage does not claim AI will replace all human jobs.
c) Incorrect – The passage emphasizes managing AI’s impact, not banning it.
d) Incorrect – Governments alone cannot solve the issues.
10. Correct Answer: (b)
Explanation: Evidence of biased AI-based hiring systems strengthens the need for regulation.
Incorrect Options:
a) Incorrect – Potential improvements don’t negate current issues.
c) Incorrect – AI systems lack full accountability.
d) Incorrect – Businesses avoiding scrutiny doesn’t strengthen regulation arguments.
11. Correct Answer: (a)
Explanation: The environmental harm caused by desalination weakens its viability as a solution.
Incorrect Options:
b) Incorrect – Successful implementation supports desalination.
c) Incorrect – Low energy costs strengthen desalination’s case.
d) Incorrect – Significant contribution to water supply strengthens the argument.
12. Correct Answer: (d)
Explanation: The assumption is that current water usage patterns are unsustainable, making conservation necessary.
Incorrect Options
a) Incorrect – Desalination alone isn’t the solution in the passage.
b) Incorrect – Awareness of conservation is still a challenge.
c) Incorrect – Water resources are not expected to increase naturally.
13. Correct Answer: (c)
Explanation: Weak enforcement of regulations is cited as a factor contributing to water pollution.
Incorrect Options:
a) Incorrect – Industrial waste is not the sole cause.
b) Incorrect – Agricultural practices do affect water quality.
d) Incorrect – Pollution impacts both ecosystems and public health.
14. Correct Answer: (c)
Explanation: The conclusion highlights the need for multiple strategies to address the water crisis.
Incorrect Options:
a) Incorrect – Governments alone cannot solve the crisis.
b) Incorrect – The crisis can still be addressed with efforts.
d) Incorrect – Desalination is not the only solution.
15. Correct Answer: (b)
Explanation: Weak regulations leading to more pollution strengthens the need for stricter environmental laws.
Incorrect Options:
a) Incorrect – Voluntary reductions don’t replace regulations.
c) Incorrect – Pollution has significant public health impacts.
d) Incorrect – Treatment alone isn’t enough without regulations.
16. Correct Answer: (c)
Explanation: Open discussions among differing ideologies weaken the argument that social media fosters polarization.
Incorrect Options:
a) Incorrect – Blocking or muting reinforces polarization.
b) Incorrect – Algorithms prioritizing preferences deepen polarization.
d) Incorrect – Increased engagement doesn’t address polarization.
17. Correct Answer: (d)
Explanation: The assumption is that unchecked content harms public trust, necessitating stricter moderation.
Incorrect Options:
a) Incorrect – Users struggle to identify misinformation.
b) Incorrect – The passage focuses on social media, not traditional media.
c) Incorrect – Extreme views are part of public discourse, though controversial.
18. Correct Answer: (b)
Explanation: The passage mentions that content moderation could suppress legitimate dissent.
Incorrect Options:
a) Incorrect – Not all platforms enforce strict policies.
c) Incorrect – Transparency hasn’t eliminated misinformation.
d) Incorrect – Users appreciate some level of moderation.
19. Correct Answer: (c)
Explanation: The conclusion emphasizes the need for balanced management of social media’s role.
Incorrect Options:
a) Incorrect – Polarization is not inevitable.
b) Incorrect – Banning political content isn’t suggested.
d) Incorrect – Misinformation has significant political impact.
20. Correct Answer: (a)
Explanation: Transparency allows users to understand how content is prioritized, strengthening trust.
Incorrect Options:
b) Incorrect – Moderation hasn’t eliminated all misinformation.
c) Incorrect – Users care about platform operations.
d) Incorrect – Platforms influence public discourse.
21. Correct Answer: (a)
Explanation: If genetically modified crops cannot adapt to all environments, their potential to improve global food security is limited.
Incorrect Options:
b) Incorrect – Resistance to pests supports the case for food security.
c) Incorrect – Positive outcomes strengthen the argument.
d) Incorrect – Public support is irrelevant
22. Correct Answer: (b)
Explanation: The passage assumes that scientific developments in one country can affect others, making global cooperation necessary.
Incorrect Options:
a) Incorrect – The impact of genetic engineering is portrayed as significant, not limited.
c) Incorrect – Developing countries are not excluded from participating in research.
d) Incorrect – The passage suggests that national regulations alone are insufficient.
23. Correct Answer: (c)
Explanation: The passage highlights concerns that genetic modification of human traits could exacerbate social inequalities.
Incorrect Options:
a) Incorrect – The passage suggests that genetic engineering could deepen, not eliminate, inequalities.
b) Incorrect – Both physical traits and intelligence are mentioned as potentially modifiable.
d) Incorrect – The passage does not state that all human gene editing practices are banned.
24. Correct Answer: (b)
Explanation: The conclusion emphasizes the need for responsible management of genetic engineering to avoid harm.
Incorrect Options:
a) Incorrect – The passage does not advocate for a complete ban on genetic engineering.
c) Incorrect – Global cooperation is suggested, but the primary conclusion is about responsible management.
d) Incorrect – The passage indicates ongoing debate, not inevitable acceptance.
25. Correct Answer: (b)
Explanation: The possibility of ecological disruption strengthens the argument for regulating GMOs.
Incorrect Options:
a) Incorrect – Successful adoption in some countries does not eliminate the need for regulation.
c) Incorrect – Corporate monopolies raise ethical concerns, not just efficiency.
d) Incorrect – While GMOs may reduce pesticide use, that doesn’t address ecosystem risks.
